Niger delta crisis, may be seen in three basic dimensions. As has been mentioned earlier in the paper, the niger delta region is a potpouri of ethnic nationalities. This year, the crisis has forced shell to declare force majeure on. The demands of the population in the niger delta to enjoy greater benefit from the oil.
Causes of conflicts in the niger delta region of nigeria as expressed by the youth in delta state article pdf available in procedia social and behavioral sciences 5. Oil and gas companies and community crises in the niger delta. As the nations treasure base, the niger delta provides over 80 percent of government revenues, 95 percent of export receipts, and 90 percent of foreign exchange earnings. Contending issues in the niger delta crisis of nigeria 1 chapter i. Understanding the armed groups of the niger delta judith burdin asuni. In other words, the post deals with the niger delta communities in nigeria in relation to environmental change and the social consequences of this downturn in delta communities.
Elias courson movement for the emancipation of the niger delta mend 9 compassing issues of discrimination, neglect and lack of a voice. Like most nations, weve had our civil war, and weve survived it. Time to end blood oil disaster in the niger delta huffpost. Ethnic and political unrest has continued throughout the 1990s despite the conversion to democracy clarification needed and the election of the. Nov 06, 2017 a new study, the first to link environmental pollution with newborn and child mortality rates in the niger delta, shows that oil spills occurring within 10km of a mothers place of residence. The western niger delta town of odioma is in a setting of almost unreal picturesqueness. Niger delta region, more than any other part of nigeria. As the second major oil city after port harcourt, warri is the center of scores of oil installations and the nerve center of the operations of oil companies in the. The recent escalation in the violent conflict in the niger delta has brought the region to the forefront of international energy and security concerns.
The amnesty deal is a desperate effort by the nigerian state to end the niger delta crisis, and thereby restore some dignity and pride to itself. Niger delta province, nigeria, cameroon, and equatorial guinea, africa by michele l. Pdf causes of conflicts in the niger delta region of. The first one has links with grievances arising from a set of justified claims against government and oil companies that have, in the pursuit of oil exploration, not given adequate attention to meeting their social. An amnesty offered to militants in the niger delta in 2009 was intended to end fighting, oil theft and other disruption in the region. Pdf conflict in the world has come to be accepted as a part of human growth and development. Republic of nigeria niger delta social and conflict analysis. The niger delta area is located in the southsouth and south westeast geopolitical zone. European journal of research and reflection in educational sciences vol. In the late 1980s, several indigenous tribal groups began raising concerns about international oil company operations in the niger delta, a region of about. The government of umaru musa yaradua recorded a remarkable feat when it finally got niger delta militants to accept the presidential proclamation of amnesty. The causes, effects and potential solutions to the deep.
The victims of these kidnap incidents moved from men to include women as mothers, wives and very young. How to solve the niger delta problem sahara reporters. This study was designed to investigate the effects of th e niger delta oil crisis on the women folks. Abstract this paper attempts to look at the niger delta crisis from a sociopoliticoecological perspective. Unraveling the uncertainty of the niger delta crisis through taxation tamunonimim a. The spokesman for the movement for the emancipation of the niger delta mend, the most vocal. Oil and violence in the niger delta isnt talked about. Monday uijiakhien okojie abstract the frequency of conflicts.
The niger delta has a long history of militant activity dating back to and beyond the. About 25% of total spills in niger delta between 1976 and 1999 was in. This observation came on the heels of incessant crisis which the region have been witnessing for decades but which took alarming dimension in loosing years. The niger delta international association for energy economics. Composed of the nigerian army, air force, the police mopol and state security service and deployed in the niger delta region in august 2003, it was tasked. Niger delta crisis no doubt has implications for nigeria. The result was that gradually prices continued to soar, defying all measures of price management grinblatt and titman, 1998. Niger delta oil spill cleanup launched but could take quarter of a century. This paper will critically examine the niger delta crisis with a study of the. Oil, pollution, control, politics, niger delta, federal government, oil companies. Short of a policing or military or paramilitary defence of the pipelines, it is my judgment that the protection requirement within section 115b involves a general shielding and caring obligation. Takwa zebulon suifon and ifeanyi okechukwu address enquiries to. Major new inquiry into oil spills in nigerias niger delta.
These ethnic groups, while subscribing to a general interest in the development of the niger delta. Niger delta crisis, basic science i and ii, school resources, science achievement, school attitude introduction the niger delta region is made up of the nine states of the nigerian federation. The niger delta crisis and the roles of governmental. This study therefore investigates the nature and character of the amnesty deal. The niger delta is home to about 140 different ethnic groups in the nine states included in a broader definition of the region. This causes them to undervalue the potential costs of ongoing violence, as well as the importance of a peaceful niger delta to nigerias economic development. The campaign group said the companies irresponsible approach to oil spills had worsened the environmental crisis in the niger delta, an allegation both companies have since denied. Understanding the armed groups of the niger delta final. In 2002, an international observation proclaimed the niger delta as one of the most volatile regions of the world. The influx of people into the niger delta air pollution and health waste management and health impacts on culture, traditions and authority structures the history of environmental management in the niger delta conclusion chapter four. This study sets out to establish that the rising militancy in the niger delta area. Oil unions launch a threeday strike over deteriorating security situation in the niger delta. Many years of oil production in the niger delta has led to environmental degradation.
Niger delta niger delta facts history of niger delta. Mar 20, 2018 an amnesty offered to militants in the niger delta in 2009 was intended to end fighting, oil theft and other disruption in the region. Mar 28, 2017 fg plans new approach to resolve niger delta crisis. The main objective of the niger delta social and conflict analysis ndsca is to increase the banks understanding of the social and conflict issues influencing development in the niger delta. The political ecology of the niger delta crisis and the prospects of lasting peace in the post amnesty period by okoli, al chukwuma. The warri crisis, the niger delta, and the nigerian state meredeth turshen warri is a strategic city in the niger delta. This post examines social impacts of the crisis in the niger delta occasioned by environmental change on development, of the people of niger delta societies. This paper attempts to bring the women perspectives. Chukwuemeka eze, bridget osakwe, bukola akosile, evelyn mere editorquality assurance.
Pdf oil and gas have been described as the mainstay of the nigerian economy today. The issue of local government ward allocation has proven particularly contentious. Isaac boro, a young delta revolutionary, proclaims a niger delta republic to comprise mainly the deltas majority tribe, the ijaw. The niger delta human development report benefited immensely from many individuals and institutions. Victor ojakorotu and olaopa olawale besides the period of colonial servitude, modern nigerian political history began on the 1 st of january 1914 with the amalgamation of. Its impact on nigerians national security chapter one introduction 1. Abia, akwaibom, bayelsa, cross river, delta, edo, imo, ondo and rivers. Fuelling the niger delta crisis crisis group africa report n118, 28 september 2006 page iii federal and state governments and niger delta parties, based on the proposal already accepted in principle by several delta activist and militant groups. Niger delta crisis and amnesty programme implementation in nigeria. The niger delta crisis especially in ogoni land is a persistent issue that has continues to threaten the hegemony of. The conflict in the niger delta region of nigeria has become global as it is wont to, given the fact that the major actors in the crisis are transnational the multinational oil corporations play very critical and fundamental roles in the crisis as. Oil exploration and current state of the niger delta niger delta is made up of nine states namely. Although production figures dropped in the eighties due to economic slump, 2004 saw a total rejuvenation of oil. Therefore the focus of this study was to determine the cause of conflicts in the niger delta region of nigeria as expressed by the youth in delta state.
Recently, the niger delta crisis that has been simmering for years assumed a dangerous dimension. Sep 11, 2010 how to solve the niger delta problem nigeria has been courting danger for the last 3050 years. So, as it stands, the niger delta conflict has more than one dimension. This book analyses the causes, dynamics and politics underpinning oilrelated violence in the niger delta region of nigeria. Crisis in the niger delta 5 the most pressing development needs are for better roads, water transport, power, and telecommunications. While some facilitated access to relevant information and data, others provided valuable contributions to ensure the high quality and independence of the report. If significant progress could be made on these fronts, much of the sense of injustice and marginalization on the part of the delta population would be assuaged.
The headquarters have since been relocated to ogbe ijaw by the delta state house of assembly, a decision that brought relative peace back to the city. Causes of conflicts in the niger delta region of nigeria. How to solve the niger delta problem nigeria has been courting danger for the last 3050 years. National security questions and the role played by the niger delta crisis is theme which requires adequate scholarly attention. Concentrated in niger delta previously an agricultural dependent economy, became reliant on oil corruption at its finest nigerian national petroleum company was established in 1977, created a joint venture with shell and other oil companies constitution of 1979 gave the nigerian federal government right to seize land. Crisis in the niger delta 2 amnesty the one concrete action the federal government has taken is to introduce an amnesty for militants who turn in their weapons and commit to abandoning violence. Edo, delta, bayelsa, rivers, cross river and akwa ibom but with the seeding of bakassi peninsular to the cameroon in 2007 by the international court of justice, cross rivers ceased to be oil producing state to south west it is include. Apart from the above factors, communal conflicts in the niger delta are. An assessment of the niger delta crisis and nigerias. Nigerias niger delta by esther cesarz, steve morrison and jennifer cooke is of signal importance. Oil and gas companies and community crises in the niger delta 7 companies that fail to assist in providing social amenities.
Niger delta shows that pap has not been able to achieve sustainable peace or security in the niger delta. This document is intended as an overview of the mammals of the niger delta in nigeria, a region that has been littlestudied by biologists, in part due to chronic insecurity in the region. The nigerian state, oil and the niger delta crisis diva. In order to address this fundamental obstacle to development in the region, in june 2009 thenpresident yaradua announced a policy of amnesty for any and all delta militants, to last from august 4, 2009, until october 4, 2009. Accordingly, the experiences of the exmilitants of the niger delta, nigeria were. Conflict in the niger delta more than a local affair summary neither nigeria nor foreign donors are investing enough to end violent conflict in the niger delta. This was more evident in 2008, when the lingering niger delta crisis ndc resulted in the short.
Timeline of recent unrest in niger delta region irin. According to ikporukpo, 2000, 98% of the transportation of crude oil in nigeria, take place within the niger delta region because of the numerous oil fields, flow stations and terminals, through which crude oil flows. National network coordinator, wanepnigeria, 3, soji adepegba close, off allen. The militia groups blew up some oil flow stations, abducted some foreign workers and disrupted oil. Although the niger delta has a long history of violence, the situation has gone from. There is an urgent need to explain why the pap was not able to lead to sustainable peace and security in the niger delta.
Politically, it is the southsouth geopolitical zone of nigeria comprising six. The study also explains the root causes of conflict and political violence in the niger delta. As they properly say, the recent oil crisis highlights more profound national challenges that are now facing the reelected president obasanjo and his government. Based on the study findings, potential solution was proposed to. Shell files an appeal and refuses to accept the judgement. Pdf the effects of the niger delta oil crisis on women folks. A number of militant groups have begun allying themselves to local politicians with electoral aspirations. Nigeria joined the ranks of oil producers in 1958 when its first oil field came on stream producing 5,100. Land alienation, unfulfilled promises for compensation, political marginalization, socioeconomic inequalities, dishonest leadership, communication gap, inadequate research input and cultural disorientation p. Exploring womens participation in peace processes authors. Conflict in the niger delta united states institute of peace. For example, in the niger delta region southern nigeria, chiefs may be selected through inheritance or may be chosen for a set term or for life icg 3 aug. Real issues in the niger delta crisis vanguard news. Its focus on the niger delta and its festering crisis stems from that regions critical importance to nigeria.
The findings of the study the prevailing situation in the niger delta region of nigeria and in zimbabwe, which has. Fg plans new approach to resolve nigerdelta crisis punch. Also, the issue of employment of youth and graduates of oil producing communities is a recurring variable in the conflict. Causes of conflicts in the niger delta region of nigeria as. The discovery was made by shellbp, at the time the sole concessionaire. Feb, 2017 oil and violence in the niger delta isnt talked about much, but it has a global impact university of houston energy fellows contributor university of houston energy fellows. A cohort of 20 exmilitants from the urhobo speaking tribe within the nigerdelta region of nigeria that were enrolled in the amnesty program was used for this study. These violent conflicts are largely responsible for the backwardness of the country, poverty, unemployment etc. The niger delta is an unstable area of nigeria, and interethnic clashes are common often access to oil revenue is the trigger for the violence. The use of force in the niger delta climaxed in 1999, following the odi massacre, during the obasanjo administration, 1999 to 2003. The niger delta is the delta of the niger river sitting directly on the gulf of guinea on the atlantic ocean in nigeria.
Pdf poverty, oil exploration and niger delta crisis. Oil crisis could result in vast effects on humans and animals which include social. The current conflict in the niger delta first arose in the early 1990s over tensions between foreign oil corporations and a number of the niger delta s minority ethnic groups who feel they are being exploited, particularly the ogoni and the ijaw. Which ever way you look at it, the root cause of the whole niger delta crisis is. These states collectively consist of a population of about 20 million people. Sep 30, 2016 nigerians daily loss to activities of militants in the niger delta may soon ground the nations economy if government continues to trade blame over the issue, a council member of the nigerian. The irony of it however, is that the niger delta areas, where the. Pdf understanding the niger delta crisis within the. Movement for the emancipation of the niger delta mend. Oil in the delta fuels a dangerous mix of environmental devastation, a violent militancy that has killed thousands, human rights abuses, corporate greed and exploitation, epidemic corruption, massive oil theft, sabotage, repression, poverty, anger and despair. This paper attempts to look at the niger delta crisis, its impact on the economy and its alleviation to revamp and sustain nigeria economy. By the late sixties and early seventies, nigeria had attained a production level of over 2 million barrels of crude oil a day. Niger delta history pdf the oil rich niger delta region of nigeria has been embroiled in crisis. The political ecology of the niger delta crisis and the.
Oil and violence in the niger delta isnt talked about much. Contending issues in the niger delta crisis of nigeria. It is typically considered to be located within nine coastal southern nigerian states, which include. While nigerian officials opt to buy shortterm ceasefires, such as the 2009 amnesty process, other governments spend too little in money and manpower to grow local civil. In some ways this is ironic, since the intensity of oil exploration and the attendant requirement for environmental impact assessments. The niger delta the area that makes up the niger delta has been variously defined. The niger delta s legendary blood oil disaster has persisted for decades, and is now deepening. Introduction this paper offer a discussion of resource control and power allocated to the federal state with respect to the exploration and production of oil and revenuesharing formula for the region where.
The movement for the emancipation of the niger delta has threatened some rocket attacks. Oil was discovered in nigeria in 1956 at oloibiri in the niger delta after half a century of exploration. Unlike his predecessor, yaradua chose the dialogue option which culminated in the declaration of amnesty for suspected niger delta militants who were willing to surrender their arms. In the niger delta, ecological devastation from oil or its derivatives starts from exploration when explosive mechanisms are used and drilling is undertaken. The issue of landownership has historically been a major cause of conflict and. The situation in the delta remains fragile and will likely return either to intermittent conflict or fullblown insurgency within six to eighteen months if a business as usual approach. Consequently, the region has become a place of frustrated expectations and a hot bed for violence ogege, 2011. We will now be preparing a criminal file to submit to the relevant authorities with a view to prosecution. The future appears as uncertain and fraught with the threat of violence as. Solution to niger delta crisis crucial to nations economy. The data analysis technique utilized in this study is content analysis of data. Upon assuming office in 2007, nigerias former president umaru yaradua initiated an amnesty programme for repentant militants in the niger delta region to provide them with stipends and. Those hopes havent been realized, and the fragile peace is. Social impacts of niger delta crisis research cyber.
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